A simplified overview of how school services connect to adult service systems

For many families, the transition from school services to adult services can feel confusing. Unlike special education, which is governed by federal law and delivered through the school system, adult services are provided through a variety of state and federal programs.

Understanding how these systems connect can help families plan ahead and avoid gaps in support.

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School-Based Transition Services

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, transition services are intended to prepare students for life after high school.

Federal law defines transition services as a coordinated set of activities designed to improve academic and functional achievement and facilitate movement from school to post-school activities (20 U.S.C. §1401(34)).

These activities may include preparation for:

• postsecondary education

• employment

• independent living

• community participation

Transition planning must be included in the IEP no later than age 16, although many states begin earlier.

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After High School: Major Adult Service Systems

When school services end (usually at age 22), individuals may access supports through several different systems.

These systems often operate independently, which is why early planning is important.

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Department of Developmental Services (DDS)

DDS provides services for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Massachusetts.

Possible services include:

• day programs

• employment supports

• residential services

• family support programs

• service coordination

Eligibility typically requires documentation showing that the disability began before age 18 and significantly affects functioning.

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Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission (MRC)

The Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission focuses primarily on employment and vocational services.

Services may include:

• career counseling

• job training

• job placement

• assistive technology

• workplace accommodations

Vocational rehabilitation programs are supported by federal legislation such as the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act.

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Social Security Programs

Many individuals with disabilities may qualify for financial benefits through federal programs.

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Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

SSI provides monthly financial support for individuals with disabilities who meet income and disability eligibility requirements.

When individuals turn 18, eligibility is based on their own financial status rather than their parents’ income.

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MassHealth (Medicaid)

MassHealth provides health coverage and may also fund certain services for individuals with disabilities.

These may include:

• medical care

• behavioral health services

• personal care assistance

• community supports

MassHealth eligibility may also open doors to additional programs.

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Why Early Planning Matters

School services are considered an entitlement under IDEA, meaning eligible students have the legal right to receive services.

Adult services operate differently and may involve:

• applications

• eligibility determinations

• waiting lists

• funding limitations

Beginning the process early can help families prepare for these transitions.